This is one of the glorious cause of supporting Progressive Libertarianism / Classical Liberalism!
I follow the ethics of my admirable philosopher Jeremy Bentham saying "The greatest sum of pleasures with the lowest sum of pains is
the principle of moral and legislation." Nobody harms and an individual
gains the happiness from being fictosexual!
I sincerely despise the staunch Christians, feminists, and the staunch structuralists, persecuting my personality trait!
This is why I still strongly support the market economy (some call Capitalism) for not only political economics but also ethical reasoning! This is a spontaneous order inducing individuals' interests even with their evil intension trading off to providing needs and wants of the others! This is why I strongly support individuals' property right as their reward of fulfilling their motivation to survive as well as serving good for the public!!
Even
comparing the authoritarian countries, those with the proper market
economy, i.e. freer economy, seem to have a higher degree of social
freedom than the other counterparts. Those political and socially free
countries which have introduced a more collective form, i.e. less freer
economy, tend to lose their overall freedom. We also have to be warned
of the corporatism, the new form of totalitarianism, where a market is
monopolised by few hands of corporate elites.
There was an opinion poll to decide which character could be our ideal chief / manager / commander in Touhou Project. I personally thought Megumu Iizunamaru, the chief of the Tengu clan, would be the best in the poll. However, she did not take the first place in this particular opinion poll. At the same time, the result was still agreeable because Byakuren Hijiri, the chief of Myourenji temple, took the first place.
Both Iizunamaru and Hijiri have an ideal quality as a leader of an organisation. It should not be the case that either one surpasses the other for their leadership quality. It is not the issue of the quality; It is the issue of their characteristics to distinguish their suitability of being an ideal leader of one organisation!
Their characteristics of business management and political philosophy can be clearly explained by means of the two major philosophical theories of ethics and social justice: Utilitarianism, invented by Jeremy Bentham, and Deontology, mostly notably the philosophy of Immanuel Kant.
The former values the actions bringing the greatest happiness/welfare/profit in consequence. The latter values the action depending on the moral evaluation of the nature of the actions regardless of the consequence. Amazingly, it is quite obvious to be able to explain that Iizunamaru follows Utilitarian whereas Hijiri follows Deontology according to their scripts in both the original Touhou project (*1) series and various fan-arts of them.
This dichotomous comparison of these two ethical principles is discussed in various realms in the world. Justice with Michael Sandel lecturing about social justice and its ethical principle in the University of Harvard can be the most remarkable stage of this discussion. Yuval Noah Harari, having published "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind" has predicted this topic will be an essential matter for setting the thought processes of the artificial intelligence (AI). It is hotly discussed in not only politics and sociology but also management and our daily-life ethics.
This is a really wonderful coincidence that the action principle of Iizunamaru and Hijiri follows either of the ethical principles. It enables to introduce these social justice theories with the examples with these images of Touhou project with fun. I have also enjoyed illustrating these images of Megumu Iizunamaru and Byakuren Hijiri for this article (*2).
*1 Touhou project series produced by ZUN and Shanghai Alice Fantasy Band
*2 These illustrations are posted in my Pixiv page so please visit https://www.pixiv.net/en/users/32334195!
This blog title is also my own Fanzine title based on this battle of these excellent chiefs I am thinking of to publish if realisable. Leviathan is the tittle of the book published by Thomas Hobbes, the British philosopher in the 17th century. It introduces the historical evolution and the philosophical principle of law and order. Leviathan is originally a humongous mythological monster, and this book refers to this monster as a metaphor of organising a civic nation and the other massive organisations. It also explains about the necessary existence of one sovereign with rational authority sustaining the organisational structure as well as the entire social order.
Iizunamaru belongs to the largest organisation in Gensokyou (the Touhou world) and takes part of a major role for leading her Crow Tengu clan. Youkai mountain is composed of various Youkai clans functioning to sustain their civic social order and technological progress as tough it were one major corporation oligarchy. She works on behalf of the interest of this humongous organisation equivalent to Leviathan state.
Hijiri, the chief nun magician of Myourenji temple, manages a relatively smaller group than Iizunamaru whilst she aspires for establishing one immense civic social order uniting human and Youkai (*3). This is a deviant ideal which the majority of Touhou characters of both attributions. At the same time, she has a plan and the talent of establishing such a state with a size of Leviathan although her ideal is different from Hobbesian autocratic sovereign state.
In this Fanzine, if realised, I would like to write a story of Iizunamaru and Hijiri. Iizunamaru and Youkai mountain representing the status-quo of the current Leviathan state. Hijiri and her fellows rebel against it with their ideal holding out for alternative organisational structure. This article introduces the background of this anticipated plan hoping to make it able to understand this major topic in philosophy, politics, sociology, and then the AI development.
*3 Youkai generally a Japanese mystical creature whereas Touhou project uses this term as non-human attribute.
Kantian philosophy claims for a fundamental criterion like mathematical axiom enabling logics of ethics to objectively self-evaluates its validity itself. This criterion justifies the nature of actions and thought-processes rather than their consequence. They are categorically verified if they follow this criterion. Otherwise, they are classified as hypothetical. These actions are motivated by the ethical duty determining absoluteness of right and wrong so that this is why it is called Deontology.
Kant was also remarkable for initiating the idea of establishing the united nation under a principle of human-right. In order to seek the happiness of all, the world has to be united under this principle eventually. Even though the separation and the conflicts among nations and tribes have been inevitable, all the people are ought to maintain their ethical universal principle to converge to such a state.
Hijiri's philosophy is identical to Kantian. She treats both human and Youkai equally and keep aspiring to establish a unification of tribes of both human and all attributes of Youkai in Gensokyou. Nevertheless, her ideal is indeed deviant in the world of Gensokyou where the segregation among a human commune and the tribes of Youkai is considered as inevitably necessary. Reimu Hakurei, the protagonist of Touhou project series who is in charge of moderating the entire law and order of Gensokyou, even support the segregation policy between human and Youkai.
The ethics of both Kant and Hijiri has a critical drawback which is the lack of tolerance. In terms of Gensokyou history, Hijiri has revealed her intolerance towards the protagonist. Hijiri started assaulting them because they insist on defeating Youkai in their duty to solve the incidence caused by Youkai at the first encounter. Furthermore, Hijiri imposes strict precepts on not only herself but also all her fellows in Myourenji temple in their daily life. Therefore, their degree of freedom in their actions and thoughts are morally restrained.
Benthamite philosophy claims for the greatest sum of pleasures and the lowest sum of pains as the principle of moral and legislation. This concept is the cost and benefit analysis for the ethical justification. Bentham attempted to quantify the outcomes brought by legal settings and individuals' actions to make their costs and benefits mathematically measurable. Therefore, he aspired to establish an fundamental axiom for justifying law and ethics for mathematical estimation of equitable judgement and future outcomes.
Bentham was sceptical about the customary law relying on the past examples and tradition plus the unquantifiable emotions and morality. Benthamite ethics tolerates various customs and actions as long as they bring a greatest pleasure and profit with the lowest possible cost and pain while not unnecessarily harming the others. Together with its focus on the future outcome rather than the past tradition, this ethics encouraging innovations of adopting new ideas and technologies as well as a high degree of freedom of actions and thoughts.
Iizunamaru's philosophy is identical to Benthamite. She is eager to adopt new ideas and technologies encouraging the development and the welfare of her clan and the entire Youkai mountain. Her role covers not only managing her own Tengu clan members but also collaborating with the subsidiary inside Youkai mountain such as Kappa and their factory. She has also initiated a new product distribution in a market of the spell card by taking a high risk. Despite her very high demand for various tasks, she treats her subordinates and stakeholders well enough to gain a high charisma of being loved and trusted by them.
The problem of their philosophy is the negligence of something unquantifiable and the risk of unpredicted costs incurred upon their action. Iizunamaru has plotted the market manipulation by distributing the extra spell cards by colluding with Chimata Tenkyu. The spell card rule is something sacred which should not be easily manipulated in Gensokyou. This is why it was cracked down by Reimu of Hakurei shrine. For the sake of maximising profit for herself as well as her fellows, she sometimes commit dirty or risky business which tend to be criticised by the traditional moral sense. This is the typical drawback of Utilitarianism regarding highly of the end justifying the mean in general.
This analogy of ethics in social justice with Touhou characters may help more people to understand in an explicit way. This topic is widely discussed in various fields in academia and our daily life. Also, studying about this subject may make people enjoy the entertainment of Touhou project. The next challenge will transform this topic to more entertaining media such as comic or video. I personally have to investigate how to do so and make my own effort to realise it somehow.
I
always wonder why people tend to be afraid of the AI so much. It sounds
just a resemblance to those industrial workers kicked out of their
factory job when a new machinery was introduced during the industrial
revolution. I actually believe that the further AI development will rather make humanity thrive instead of being destroyed.
I have realised that people in general tend to overestimate the artificial intelligence (AI) because of what the media agitate. The AI is just an application whose capacity really depends on the underneath structure, the infrastructure and the platform. Well, there is no worry to be afraid of the AI taking over humans. The AI is more intelligent for some field but not all the fields which humans are familiar with.
Moreover, the neuron network of the AI and the humans are completely different. The brain cells and the nerves of humans and the majority natural creatures are interrelated with the other organs of their body. For instance, gut heavily influences their thought process and mindset. In contrast, the AI thought process and neuron networks are self-contained inside their CPI and memory.
First of all, before introducing the book, it is important to know the
brief introduction of the disputed types of Liberalism. The brief birth
story of Liberalism in the modern era is needed. The two mainstreams of
Liberalism are roughly explained as follows.
Liberalism is a
political philosophy claiming for liberty of autonomous individuals
emancipated from authoritarian oppression with their naturally endowed
right and equality of obtaining it. It distinguishes liberty from a
simple freedom as it claims for some degree of restriction on one’s
freedom of doing whatever s/he wants on a temporary basis. It insists
providing individuals with a broader meaning of freedom in a permanent
basis as well as the social public environment and its minimum required
rule securing all the individuals to accomplish it.
Although it
is often believed that Liberalism emerged in the early modern age, the
base concept was already emphasised by Aristotle (The ancient Greek) and
Thomas Aquinas (The medieval European) at the pre-modern time period.
Both Aristotle and Aquinas expressed humans as autonomous individuals
who should be free to act and think with their own freewill. Thomas
Hobbes and John Locke claimed for Liberty as the universal naturally
endowed to complete the overall picture of the characteristics of
Liberalism in the beginning of the modernity
The first
mainstream of Liberalism in the modern world politics formed its
characteristic identity by adopting the utilitarianism asserting to
maximise the sum of pleasures while minimising the sum of pains by
letting individuals to act freely with their constitutional right under
the mutual social agreement. This is also related to economic freedom
encouraging the market competition guaranteeing the equality of
opportunity for individuals to join to be rewarded by means of their
contribution merit. This is the Liberalism encouraging the overall
liberty in a comprehensive meaning so that it is introduced as
Comprehensive Liberalism.
On the other hand, there is the second
mainstream of Liberalism challenging the aforementioned Liberalism
where liberty is limited to the constitutional and metaphysical level.
This new branch of Liberalism attempt to modify the older version of
Liberalism to the newer alternative more applicable to the political
intention of accomplishing the liberalist ideal ethics.
This
second mainstream of Liberalism insisting on providing individuals with
their right of the comprehensive freedom but also an impartial spectator
intervening resource distribution, social justice mediation, and
rehabilitating the handicapped minorities. The most notable figure is
John Rawls having introduced the political theory called Political
Liberalism claiming for more proactive interventions rather than the
conventional laissez-faire (little or no intervention policy).
The
provision of liberty requires the daily political level intervention to
individuals more than guaranteeing their right under the constitution
or the customary agreement. There is the veil of ignorance penalising
some individuals lacking the necessary information before acting freely.
In order to accomplish the equality of opportunity under a fair
competition, it requires a certain degree of the redistribution of
resources to enable all the individuals to become competent and able.
The minority individuals are often marginalised under the laissez-faire
majority rules so that it requires the culturally and religiously
intermediate pluralist intervention into it. It thus requires the
proactive intervention by this impartial spectator is thus necessary to
mitigate these obstacles causing unfairness.
Nevertheless, there
is a counterargument being sceptical about these modern types of
Liberalism whose political methods are controversial enough to judge
whether or not they can encourage individuals’ liberty. The book
introduced here indicates one of the counterarguments.
Pure logics lacks the core principle enabling it to self-evaluate its validity such as mathematical axiom. Therefore, there are multiple possible answers not unified under an axiomatic rule. In philosophy, philosophers define their theoretical criterion as the core foundation basing their logical consistency prior to configuring their theoretical architecture of logics. Natural science refers to the empirical evidence shown in the substantial world experiment basing their logical arguments.
By contrast, economics and the other social scientific subjects nowadays tend to ignore this fundamental argument on their theoretical validity. Since the 20th century, people have tended to treat economics and the other social scientific subjects such as sociology, political science, and psychology as the pure physical science by detaching them from a metaphysical foundation. Prior to that time period, those social scientific subjects were strongly tied up with philosophy taking account of metaphysics defining the fundamental principle of their arguments.
Unlike natural science, social science including economics seldom presents an empirical experience instantly proven with the substantial experiment. This is why they used to be more tied up with a philosophical perspective providing the guidance of their direction of experiment. For example, economic and social policies as well as psychological therapy must be related to ethics with its metaphysical background and its guiding base principle. Moreover, epistemology weighs on convincing people with these social scientific theories needing to convince people to trust in what these theories insist on. This is because their theoretical validity is hardly proven by the empirical experiment like natural science.
Despite this factor, people nowadays tend to be obsessed with the narrow-minded short-term objectives such as money making gaming and labelling individuals according to their conformance to the mainstream society. This tendency is notorious in financial economics and psychology related to sociology. Economists nowadays tend to focus on the market speculation and pedantically modifying the already existing theories. Social psychologists impose the cohesively unified theory authorised by the academic elite peer group to people with little empirical experimental evidence and little discussion among various perspectives. This is in fact a worrying phenomenon for individual people and their world environment.
The prisoner’s dilemma theory is the clear example indicating this worrying matter when individuals are motivated by following the pure logics without the philosophical principle while pursuing the narrow-minded short-term goal. The prisoner’s dilemma explains that the spontaneously equilibrium point is not always good; Its outcome can be actually bad! The original theory explains that each one of these two prisoners betrays each other to eventually induce themselves to the worst overall outcome in consequence although their cooperation would bring the best outcome. This is not due to their stupidity at all. Their rational attitude towards their pure logical thought process induces their action leading to the worst outcome. This analysis of the prisoner’s dilemma can be used as the analogy of the market speculation in economics.
In this case scenario, private economic agents seldom voluntarily cooperate together to divert their economy from the worst outcome. Instead, they often induce the worst outcome called the bad equilibrium without any forcible countermeasure against it. During the deflationary recession, their action perpetuates the deflation by saving more while investing less to the market although they had better cooperate to invest more to divert the deflation to overcome the recession. At the time of the economic overheat causing the surging price inflation, their action accelerates the inflation by investing more than the prudential level instead of suppressing it by being prudent.
This is why the authoritarian paternalistic government intervention is often desired to forcibly divert these worst outcomes. However, this officious government intervention often antagonises individual citizens thinking of their government as rather impertinent than compassionate. Furthermore, the government also often fail to achieve such an intervention due to their long complicated bureaucratic processes slowing the process down as well as corruption and incompetence discouraging it.
This market dysfunction is caused by the rational but over-speculative attitude of these economic agents. It is considered to be derived from their narrow-minded mentality without any philosophical principle. It reminds of the proverb “Reality is but a mirror reflecting your inner world.” which both Epicurus and Schopenhauer inferred in their philosophy at each contemporary time period. The world turns to be a chaotic game of speculation without any noble ethical principle.
Sum up, the reliance on pure logics without any guiding principle is unproductive as well as worrying. This can be the reason why the current world situation is in a chaotic state. Whilst the intelligence and the technology of applying more complex logics than the past, it still struggles to reach a productive and virtuous state. Hence, it must be the time to revise to evaluate the core principle basing logics foundation and enabling it to self-evaluate to verify its validity itself.
When I started knowing the existence of the public cloud services such as Amazon Web Service (AWS), Microsoft Azure (MS Azure), and Google Cloud Platform (GCP), I realised that it would be a remarkable innovation enough to be called revolution. Revolution alters the socioeconomic structure even including the infrastructural fundament and the ethical code. As same as the political revolution, the introduction of the public cloud is the business revolution!
First of all, the biggest impact is that there is no computer room containing servers, database (DB), and their network side a company office by using the public cloud service. These physical devices are located in the remote centre owned by the public cloud vendor so that they are simply outsourced.
This is advantageous for the accounting administration because it can avoid the capital expenditure and tax levied on it. In addition, its charge is based on pay-as-you-go so there is little need for preparing for the estimated volume usage. There is neither dead-weight loss of not using the computer enough or lacking the computer capacity due to the sudden heavy traffic while running a business.
The initial investment for the capital expenditure often challenges new entrepreneurs establishing their new firm. This factor used to discourage newly entering entrepreneurs from starting their own business. However, the public cloud has eased starting an entrepreneur to flexibly open their new business since its emergence. It is almost like a miracle enabling an individual to directly connect to the already configured server network without building her/himself!
In the past, starting a new business alone used to be considered as reckless. It used to require a reasonable size of the company office and more than one staff to operate a new business in order to maximise the full potential of the capital initially invested such as an office and devices. By contrast, the public cloud allows to start a business without any preparation for both devices and their space. Therefore, this is indeed a liberation for a lone entrepreneur from the territorial pressure and the labourers’ riot!
Another advantage for this entrepreneur is that s/he can flexibly travel around the world as long as it is connected to the public cloud service. No office at a fixed place is required to sit in! This entrepreneur can travel freely and budget her/his budget more flexibly without being bound to looking after a physical property. It emancipates an individual from the landlord’s rent seeking oppression!
In conclusion, the public cloud usage is indeed a revolution replacing the already obsolete norms and values in the entrepreneurship! Because big companies employing individuals are no longer able/willing to employee them to look after, it may be more important for them to start their own business instead of expecting these companies to hire them.
Anxiety is haunting me, and also many others, nowadays. In particular, anxieties about the future prospect such as financial anxiety are the crucial problems. Unfortunately, it is certain that the material well-beings of majority individuals will continue declining. In terms of the economic analysis as well as the astrological analysis, the near future outlook looks very gloomy for certain. Thus, the world society will furthermore require us to be stoic rather than being optimistic.
Focusing on the economic analysis, the market multiplier is slowing down despite the continuous remarkably rapid technological growth especially for the information technology. There is a strange dilemma in the labour market: There is a skilled labour shortage while misemployment and unemployment are considered to be high in the labour market. This labour market mismatch combined with the stagnating income and investment distribution flow discourages the social mobility as well as the income gaining opportunity of individuals wishing to improve their lifestyle.
Focusing on the astrological analysis, the world will be in the recession by 2024. Currently, Uranus is crossing the ascendant of Taurus, the detrimental sign of Uranus, until 2024 as well as forming the square aspect with Saturn crossing Aquarius, the own sign of Saturn for these years. This infers that the socioeconomic stagnation is really severe at least until 2025. Furthermore, Pluto is going to start crossing the ascendant of Aquarius for 18 years from 2023 onward. Aquarius represents equality of outcome and justice as well as individual freedom under restriction and some degree of traditionalism. Aquarius is forming the hard aspect with Taurus (Economy), Leo (Political Power), and Scorpio (Intimate relationship) so that the socio-economy will shift from the centralised active globalist form to the decentralised less active form.
Considering these two analyses, it will be wise to become stoic to keep our lifestyle as humble and cost-efficient as much as possible than aspiring to expect for a lucrative lifestyle in the coming age. Stoic ethics may become worth off to refer to as our life instruction guidance then. The modernity characterised with the intensive Yang (bright) element is ending so that the Ying (shadow) element is being intensified as the reaction. Instead of wanting more, we are more required to wanting less from now on. We must accept various pains as they are instead of regretting for them. We also must accept the fact that the capability of solving problems for all of us are limited by means of our physical strength, social status, and external environments. Therefore, there are various things outside our own responsibility so that it is important to excuse for our inability.
Sum up, the anxiety will never seem to disappear because the drastic lifestyle change will certainly take place in the near future. The antidote against this anxiety may be being stoic enough to keep our lifestyle humble and cost efficient as well as not bearing the full responsibility so that it is important to rely on the public support. Hence, we had better simply accept that it cannot be helped so much.
The Tenno regime has formed the totalitarian characteristics. This has based the highly stratified social structure transforming the majority citizens' personality to be subservient to their authority. The intensively cohesive social norms and values are definitely the derivatives of this stratified social structure.
Even during the Shogunate periods from the 12th to the 19th century, this cohesive social structure thrived despite the relatively weaker influence of the aristocratic central authority. Yet, the subservient personality of the Japanese mass was hardly discouraged so that their loyalty to any authority was strong regardless of Tenno or Shogun. Perhaps, this unchangeable subservient personality was derived from the Japanese geographical isolation in the world where the enlightenment from the outside hardly reached there.
Since the 19th century, Japan has adopted the Western style modern governance and capitalist economy. Some elites Japanese have successfully been enlightened to become progressive thinkers attempting to transform Japan to the modern nation state deserving the majority citizens. Nevertheless, the underlying characteristics and personality of Japanese people subservient to their authority has never changed.
Even though some enlightenment ideal has been introduced, the true enlightenment for emancipating majority Japanese individuals from their superstitious loyalty and servile personality has hey never been achieved. This is the fundamental cause of perpetuating the political and social corruption hurting the Japanese majority mass as a suicidal attitude of themselves. It seems to have required much more fundamentally drastic reform in Japan to enlighten them.
There has been criticism by the social anthropological theory of this socially pathological trait is rooted in the establishment stage of the authoritarian figure shown in the recorded history. The original Japanese civilisation identity was originally related to the Shintoist shamanism which followed the tranquil communitarian paganism promoting more egalitarian and mutualist social norms and values.
There is certainly an attractive element in Japan and Japanese humans and their civilisation which has been retained since the prehistorical period. The prehistorical ancient Shintoist shamanism and pagan practices had brought up Japanese individuals as highly spirited enough to compassionately cohabit with neighbouring individuals and natural environments. Their virtuous characteristics such as diligence and humbleness must have been born out of this period.
The authoritarian establishment introduced in the early historical record destroyed that prehistorical sacred pagan Japan. The social anthropological theory claims that the peaceful pagan tradition of the Japanese civilisation has been hijacked by the authoritarian oppressors. The subservient personality of the Japanese mass must be formed by that oppressive structuralist regime forcing the excess centralisation of politics and the unconditional subservience of the Japanese mass to these oppressive rulers.
The Japanese indigenous individuals were conquered by the few numbers of arrogant nobles heavily influenced by the oppressive authoritarian totalitarianism. These oppressors hijacked Shinto by replacing the original peaceful egalitarian paganism with the oppressive authoritarian counterpart. Its indoctrination has imprinted the servile and intolerant personality into the Japanese mass.
In order to overcome from the current distressful social crises, it is the time for Japan and Japanese to reincarnate the sacred spiritual prehistorical Japan! It is not worth to give up this attempt to fight back against the oppressive status-quo exploiting individuals with the millennium long indoctrination!
The current entire world is a full of mess. This should be no longer called the functional order. This is the disorder perpetuating various social diseases and social exclusion of majority individuals. In terms of economic, political, and sociological perspectives, this world socioeconomic situation is undoubtedly dysfunctional enough to need an alternative replacing the current socioeconomic structure. Please kindly read the linked articles:
Neoliberalism and its mainstream macroeconomic theory Monetarism are not bad theories like these old-fashioned Socialist and the other Left-wingers condemn at all! These theories teach very important socioeconomic lessons for all the individuals to live as long as the monetary economy where individuals use fiat-money for their intermediary of exchange in their daily life thrives to exist.
Those who are against Neoliberalism tend to blame these theories as the severe survivalist Capitalist political theories leading the majority individuals to deprivation. However, it is the same nonsense as blaming Marxism and the other socialist theories for the disastrous mistakes of the United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). Both Marxism and Neoliberalism contain the non-negligible elements to study the political affairs and the human history.
Focusing on Monetarism as he major base macroeconomic policy of Neoliberalism, the key element of this theory is analysing the nature of the fiat-money flowing into economy as the intermediary of exchange. In the long run, the money value is neutral to the other substances distributed in the world. By contrast, it regards that the change in the money supply volume affects the economic activities and productivity level in the short-medium run.
Monetarism regards highly of the value of the fiat-money supplied by the central bank which should be supported by its credibility and its market demand. Therefore, it is sensitive to adjust the money supply level to the aggregate production level of this economy in order to avoid the value depreciation.
It encourages the private sector based economy functioned by the spontaneous order of individual economic agents voluntarily deciding the aggregate production volume according to their needs and wants on spot. It discourages the excess reliance on the fiscal policy cutting tax and increasing the government expenditure while incurring national debts leaving their responsibility of repayment with the inevitably increasing future taxation and cutting the future government expenditure in the long run. Instead, it tackles with the temporary economic downturn by temporary pumping the extra money supply filling the temporary emerging negative output gap.
In order to enable the fiat-money to stimulate economy, the velocity power of this money supply which is its value and credibility in both domestic and international market, is required. When individual economic agents appreciate its value and credibility, they find its extra supply as valuable and trustable to use as their intermediary of exchange in both domestic and international market. They may either spend for their exchange or save in their banks using the extra money from their saving account as the extra investment resource for increasing their profit. This is called High-Powered Money theory.
According to Monetarism, the deflation inducing the recession, the negative output gap, is caused by an error of scaling the optimum market aggregate production level or a false information delivered to economic agents. Thus, the deflationary recession is caused by the stuck money circulation which means the money supply level is not balanced with the aggregate productivity level. In this scenario, the money supply as the High-Powered Money can be increased to directly inject it to economy to equalise it to match with the aggregate productivity level.
On the other hand, Monetarism regards of Stagflation (the output stagnation + the price inflation) as the excess money supply unmatching with the aggregate productivity level. Then, the decreasing output caused by Stagflation is considered as the long-term phenomenon which should be solved by cutting the cots including wages of the production even if it means to discourage their business activity level at least for a short run.
The reason to sacrifice the output to suppress the inflation is to maintain the money value as useful to be implemented as the High-Powered Money. Even to protect the employment by maintaining the wage distribution, the real value of their wage/income is consequently reduced when the price inflation, the money value depreciation, is perpetuated. Monetarism is actually a humanitarian political theory against depreciating their income/wage level to avoid consequently treating these employees as the quasi-slave labour.
Monetarism antagonises the perpetuated inflation even for diverting the negative output gap is bad for economy overall. Even though the extra money supply is injected into the real good and service market to push the output level up, the value depreciation negatively affects the capital market.
Most of the capital asset value is based on the base money so that the money value depreciation implies the capital asset value depreciation in the international financial market. Almost all the firms producing goods and services are invested by banks and shareholders through the capital market.
In addition, firms in the good and service market also face the import cost up under Stagflation as the excess money supply perpetuating Stagflation. Because all the regions of this world are interdependent on each other so that the relative value decline of the fiat-money used in one regional economy causes the purchasing power depreciation of this regional economy.
Overall, Monetarism supports the gradual and natural economic recovery encouraged by private individuals and firms under the stable market economy propped up by the balanced money supply adjusted to the aggregate productivity level. This ethical policy is what Neoliberalism shares with and aspires to achieve so that Monetarism is the core macroeconomic policy of Neoliberalism.
Monetarism and Neoliberalism are often regarded with a bitter cold attitude towards those suffering from economic downturns by these antagonists. However, it is really a prejudice to accuse them as such because these theories take account of the majority individual citizens such as their about preventing their real income depreciation caused by the monetary value depreciation.
Monetarism and Neoliberalism may be categorised into the Consequentialist ethical philosophy which attempts to maximise the overall net benefits by maximising the sum of the gross benefits while minimising the sum of the various cots as a total at the end. Monetarism criticises the big government policy directly caring their citizens by incurring a massive debt and the non-stoppable inflation depreciating their income and the market value of financial assets in the international market. Monetarism counts on the rationality of each individual's free will and the spontaneous order based on these free wills to recover their economy with the minimum assistance by the small government.
It does not mean that both Monetarism and Neoliberalism neglect the public support with government assistances. They simply suggest the minimum required assistances. Furthermore, the High-Powered Money of Monetarism maintains the real value of the assistances provided by government and the procurement power of this government gathering the resources for their provision. This is why the European countries implementing Social Democratic socioeconomic policies adopt Monetarism for their core macroeconomic policy.
The weight on each different macroeconomic theory which Neoliberalists adopt to follow depends on each Neoliberalist. Some of them mildly adopt Keynesian theory meanwhile the devote Neoliberalists base their thoughts and plans purely on Monetarism. As a matter of fact, the European Central Bank (ECB) and the central banks of Scandinavian countries, whose countries are famous for their Social Democratic socioeconomic policy, follow the monetarist macroeconomic policies especially for their tight prudent money supply policy. This proves that Monetarism is worth referring to not only the economic Right-wing but also the relatively more centralist counterparts.
Social Democracy is actually the friendly version of Liberal Democracy (Capitalism) (※) and not technically Socialism. Therefore, it makes sense that these Social Democratic European countries are happy to install Monetarism as the principle macroeconomic theory of handling their market economy. Their socially minded intervention is not stimulated by the proactive positive macroeconomic intervention by a central government expenditure or the extravagant money supply from a liberal central bank which Keynesian economic theory often uses.
※ Liberal Democracy and Liberalism by means of this comparison are treated as the synonym of Capitalism, the market economy, because Neoliberalism is mentioned to explain in this essay. Liberal Democracy is therefore the synonym of Neoliberalism here. Then, Social Democracy is the derivation of Neoliberalism rather than Socialism.
The level of tax and expenditure rarely changes flexibly unlike those adopting Keynesian theory as their core principle macroeconomic policy. Their costs for the socially minded public intervention of these European countries are covered by the tax revenue from the progressive taxation levied on individuals and firms their steadily growing market economy. These European countries especially since 1997 (The European Monetary Union conducted by the ECB was introduced then) have been actually reluctant to artificially stimulate their economy.
It is because their macroeconomic tradition, especially of Germanic and Nordic, puts high priority on prudence over expansion. Their Social Democracy sustains the diverse income distribution allowing the slow but steady human capital development. Therefore, Monetarism matches with their prudent attitude towards economy to slowly but steadily raising their economy backed up by the human capital development requiring the steady continuous public investment in the long run.
In conclusion, having re-evaluated Monetarism and its ethics basing Neoliberalism, it is actually an ethically good functional socioeconomic political philosophy. Their characteristic is simply different and unique from the other political economic theories. Their quality depends on how, where, and when it is implemented in real.
Many immigrant workers are now leaving Japan because of the current income decline on the top of the excessively hard-working environment. As a matter of fact, Thai wage is so higher than Japanese counterpart that it is not beneficial for these South-Eastern Asians to pay various high costs for their relocation to Japan. This phenomenon represents the end of Japan as an economic power house.
As having mentioned by means of the astrological analysis, Japan will be transformed to be something like the one in the Edo period during the coming two decades. This means that Japan will be furthermore socio-economically and culturally isolated from the rest of the world. The currently ongoing phenomenon caused by the economic power decline can be see as the prelude of the end of Japan!
As having mentioned several times, the Japanese government are reluctant to implement any countermeasure against Japan's socio-economic collapse at all. Well, this is also the responsibility of Japanese nationals electing the same incompetent government perpetuating the multiple decade long recession. These Japanese national citizens are also reluctant to rationally evaluate their own political actions.
It is obvious that Japan will shift to the further decline of its economic and cultural initiative in the world. Because of the declining fertility rate and the reluctance of both the government and the general public for investment to education, the human capital development will be considerably slowed down.This will lead to the further productivity plunging.
Moreover, the current Japanese situation also deteriorates its best advantage of seducing consumption and investment which is the service industry. Japan used to be a popular foreign tourist destination because of its once high service quality of its hospitality businesses. By contrast, the declining motivation of Japanese citizens for their daily life as well as business has started to be discouraged.
Only the tradition left in Japan is its highly bureaucratic culture. These Japanese citizens are still loyal to their bureaucratic order even with its notorious inflexibility. The quality of their consistency in office works, factory lines, and corruption prevention in both private and public sector administration will remain as its little left virtue. However, it guarantees that Japan will become a more boring and inflexible place to live for majority autonomic individuals due to the very tight margin of deviation from its rigid social norms and values.
The level of creativity is dropping down in Japan. As seen in the current trend of the subcultural products such as its animation and gaming industries, the brand-new products attracting audiences with a fresh impression is slumping. Instead, most of the well sold products are those of the remakes of the old series whose original ones were created last century.
Then, it is ostensible to recognise that Japan is not a feasible place to invest your precious financial resources even it has recently become cheaper to buy the assets there due to the current Japanese Yen (JPY) depreciation. The aggregate productivity of Japan will plunge furthermore especially due to the human capital decline.
The best option to purchase the Japanese assets will be investing to only those which are merged or annexed to the multinational firm. The foreign executives are much more competent to replace the irrational endogenous policies and mentalities of Japanese firms. In addition, majority Japanese are subservient to their authorities regardless of their ethnic origin so that they follow the reformed management policies implemented by these multinational shareholders. Combining the rational management by foreign executives and shareholders and the loyal labour-force is an attractive characteristic for investors.
Only the legitimate and productive purpose of living in Japan for foreigners is having a Japanese significant other i.e., a spouse, a loving partner, a concubine, etc. Japanese tend to have their day-dreaming nostalgic image in foreign worlds and often seek the foreign DNA of these individuals coming from abroad. Therefore, even under the socioeconomic deprivation, living in Japan for these foreigners with a Japanese significant other might enjoy their stay in Japan because their significant other and her/his family and relatives will protect you somehow even in a socioeconomic hardship.
Overall, it is already Japan the end, and its beginning has already taken place. There will be no such once a major economic superpower nation state called Japan: The remaining there is the empty shell of its unproductive inflexible bureaucratic structure and the hopeless mobs simply as the remnants of this ethnicity barely nesting this archipelago. Because of the coming decades of the macroeconomic winter, the aggregate investment volume in the world is likely to fall so that there will not be enough investment flowing into Japan. Nobody will not notice Japan's existence, the remote edge of the world which only the few will show their interest in the existence of, any more.
